Infertility is often thought to be a female issue, but it can also result from male factors, particularly problems with sperm quality and production. In many cases, infertility may be due to multiple factors. Therefore, when a couple struggles to conceive, both partners should undergo fertility testing.
Several diagnostic tests are available to determine the cause of infertility, though it's important to note that even with these tests, no clear cause may be identified in some men. The most common tests include:
The first step in diagnosing infertility involves a thorough review of the man’s medical history, including any hereditary conditions that might affect fertility. The doctor will also conduct a physical exam to check for any physical signs, such as injuries or infections, that could impact fertility.
Semen analysis plays a key role in evaluating male fertility, as both sperm quantity and quality are crucial factors. This test measures sperm concentration, shape, motility, and potential infections. Often, more than one analysis is needed to obtain an accurate assessment of sperm health.
A scrotal ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the reproductive organs on a screen, allowing the doctor to detect issues like varicoceles or other abnormalities in the testicles.
Blood tests may be conducted to assess hormone levels such as testosterone, which can impact fertility. These tests help identify any hormonal imbalances that may affect sperm production.
This test checks for sperm in the urine, which may indicate retrograde ejaculation—a condition where sperm is redirected into the bladder instead of being expelled during ejaculation.
For men with very low sperm counts, genetic testing might be recommended to check for abnormalities in the Y chromosome or other congenital disorders that could affect fertility.
Additional tests may be recommended to evaluate how sperm behave after ejaculation. These tests assess the sperm's ability to penetrate and attach to the egg, helping identify any functional issues that could impair fertilization.
Around one-third of infertility cases are related to male factors, which can also contribute to a higher risk of miscarriage. The most common causes of male infertility include:
Infertility affects both men and women equally, with one-third of infertility cases linked to female factors. Globally, 50-80 million people experience infertility. Common causes of female infertility include.